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Gigabit Ethernet
Protocol
Copyright 2017, Faulkner Information
Services. All Rights Reserved.
Docid: 00016542
Publication Date: 1707
Report Type: STANDARD
Preview
The Ethernet protocol – also known as IEEE 802.3 – has been a standard
desktop, enterprise, and service provider backbone access method for more
than a generation. With skyrocketing data demands taxing existing networks
and Internet infrastructure, developers are still looking to Ethernet to
push networks to handle mobile, physical, cloud, streaming media, and
other data paths. As of 2017, with speeds in development ranging from
non-chronological rates of 2.5Gbps to 50Gbps to 400Gbps and higher,
Gigabit Ethernet protocols are branching out beyond the enterprise to
focus on fields such as automotive and interconnecting devices. In late
2016, a breakthrough in 2.5G and 5G Ethernet boosted the current top speed
of traditional Ethernet five-times without the need to remove current
cabling, which will help address emerging needs in platforms such as
enterprise and wireless networks.
Report Contents:
- Executive
Summary - Description
- Competing
Standards and Protocols - Current View
- Web
Links - Related
Reports
Executive Summary
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Corporations and
end-users have a constant need for more bandwidth to connect computers and power
applications across multiple platforms–including physical, virtual, cloud, and
mobile. As soon as one networking protocal arrives, a higher-speed alternative
is
already be in development to meet this demand.
Related Faulkner Reports |
Business Ethernet Market Trends |
Powering High Speed Networks. Gigabit Ethernet, or high-speed
Ethernet connectivity at 1,000,000,000 bits per second or greater, was
originally designed to power a higher-speed local area network (LAN) than
the original Ethernet standard released in 1980. Since its launch in the
1990s, Gigabit Ethernet has advanced to become not only an in-house
computer network standard but a carrier-grade standard to deliver
Internet access services.
The standard has come a long way from the efforts to ramp up
bandwidth speeds averaging 10-Mbps. In 2014,
the Ethernet Alliance launched a 400GbE Subcommittee to meet what it
considered the "urgent" need to upgrade global networks, predicting that 1
Terabit-per-second (1TbE, or 1,000GbE) would be required to support global
data by 2015 and 10TbE by 2020.1
Evolution of Gigabit Standard. Ethernet’s evolution over the past 40 years
illustrates the constant development of networking standards. In the
mid-1990s, 10Mbps download speeds for desktop computers became
commonplace, and carriers worked to meet and exceed demand with the
Ethernet standard. When it became clear that Ethernet would become ubiquitous, vendors tried to
leverage the technology to support other applications. Thanks to this
development philosophy, companies could run Ethernet
from their desktops to servers and then to backbones without having to
utilize multiple protocols and connection types. The subsequent iteration
of the technology, "Fast Ethernet," which
operates at 100Mbps, first gained popularity in server farms where
companies linked groups of special purpose systems to complete specific
processing tasks, including serving as small and medium-sized backbone networks or
handling processing for desktops
where users work with complex graphic or video applications. Now it is the
norm for service to the desktop.
With the need for bandwidth outpacing Ethernet development and
diversification, as recently as 2014 the IEEE began development of four new speeds
(not
in chronological order from previous speeds due to the opening of new
transition lanes): 2.5 Gigabit per second (Gbps); 5 Gbps; 25 Gbps; and
400 Gbps Ethernet. The industry is also looking into 50Gb/s and 200 Gb/s
Ethernet.2
To continue this momentum, the Ethernet Alliance developed the 2015 Ethernet
Roadmap to clarify development of speeds, application spaces, and market
conditions, and is looking beyond 2020 to the development of 800 Gbps; 1 Terabyte per
second; 1.6 Tbps; 6.4 Tbps; and 10 Tbps Ethernet protocol.3
GigE has delivered on vendors’ expectations.
Once the standard was completed, both enterprises and startups quickly adopted GigE switches or added GigE
connections to their products. The protocoal quickly became a
prime player in the backbone network arena and surpassed asynchronous
transfer mode (ATM) to become the dominant backbone networking technique.
The subsequent emergence of GigE over copper, as well as 10Gbps transmissions over fiber for
wide
area network (WAN) connections, propelled Ethernet technology further
into the enterprise and into consumer homes as part of high-speed Internet
connection.
Table 1 summarizes the current GigE physical
layer standards.
Ethernet Gigabit Speed | Standard 802.5 Implementation | Applications |
---|---|---|
1GbE | 1998: Multimode Fiber Cable Single Mode Fiber Cable 1999: Category 5e or 2016: Single Twisted Pair Copper Cable |
|
2.5GbE | 2016: Twisted Pair System | Enterprises and campuses. |
5GbE | 2016: Twisted Pair System | Enterprises and campuses. |
10GbE | 2003: Laser Optimized MMF Cable, Single mode fiber cable 2006: Category |
Suitable for Wide Area Networks, Local Area Networks, and Metropolitan Area Networks. |
25GbE | 2016: Twisted Pair System |
Auto-negotiation capabilities and Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) support for data center applications. |
40GbE | 2016: Twisted Pair System Media Access for single-lane server and switch |
Auto-negotiation capabilities and Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) support for data center applications. Single-lane server and switch |
50GbE | 2018-2020: Estimated Completion |
Suitable for Hyperscale Data Centers, Wide Area Networks, Local Area Networks, and Metropolitan Area Networks. |
100GbE | 2010: Laser-Optimized MMF or SMF Cable (2015): Laser-Optimized MMF |
Larger service provider backbone networks for the aggregation of network traffic. |
400GbE | (2017): Laser-Optimized MMF or SMF |
|
1 Terabit Ethernet (1TbE) |
(2020+) No current projection |
|
Description
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GigE is an extension of the highly
successful 10M-bps and 100M-bps Ethernet standards, and builds on the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) 802.3 Ethernet
standard. In November 1995, the IEEE 802.3 working group discussed the
feasibility of upgrading Fast Ethernet to a higher speed. After reviewing
various options on how to achieve 1000Mbps, the IEEE standards board
issued a Project Authorization Request (PAR) for the GigE protocol in June 1996.
Gigabit Ethernet. The GigE task force was born in July
1996, one month after the PAR was issued. The main objective of the task
force was to develop a standard that allows both half and full duplex
operation at 1000M bps and is backwardly compatible with 10BaseT and
100BaseT technologies. The new standard defined gigabit links that can be
used for interconnecting high performance servers and workstations, and
backbone connections between 100BaseT Fast Ethernet switches. This new
generation of Ethernet links was designed to provide 10 times the speed
of 100BaseT at much less than ten times the price.
The initial standard for gigabit Ethernet was ratified by the IEEE in
June 1998 as IEEE 802.3z, and required optical fiber. IEEE 802.3z is
commonly referred to as 1000BASE-X. There are 10 different physical layer
standards since the introduction of the original 802.3z gigabit Ethernet
using optical fiber (1000BASE-X).
While select vendors began
delivering GigE products in 1997, most waited until the standard was
ratified in 1998. Because Ethernet and Fast Ethernet were so
successful, vendors moved quickly to deliver such products. Table 2 summarizes the GigE physical layer standards.
Name | Physical medium | Distance Specification |
---|---|---|
1000BASE-CX | Twinaxial Cabling | 25 meters |
1000BASE-SX | Multi-mode fiber | 220 to 550 meters dependent on fiber diameter (50 micron or 62.5 micron) and bandwidth |
1000BASE-LX | Multi-mode fiber | 550 meters |
1000BASE-LX | Single-mode fiber | 5 km |
1000BASE-LX10 | Single-mode fiber using 1,310 nm wavelength |
10 km |
1000BASE-EX | Single-mode fiber at 1,310 nm wavelength | ~40 km |
1000BASE-ZX | Single-mode fiber at 1,550 nm wavelength |
~ 70 km |
1000BASE-BX10 | Single-mode fiber, over single-strand fiber: 1,490 nm downstream 1,310 nm upstream |
10 km |
1000BASE-T | Twisted-pair cabling (Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, or Cat7) |
100 meters |
1000BASE-TX | Twisted-pair cabling (Cat6, Cat7) | 100 meters |
2.5GBASE-T | Twisted-pairs (2016) | Boosts the current top speed of traditional Ethernet five-times without requiring the tearing out of current cabling. |
5GBASE-T | Twisted-pairs (2016) | Boosts the current top speed of traditional Ethernet five-times without requiring the tearing out of current cabling. |
25GBASE-T | Twisted-pairs (2016) | Auto-negotiation capabilities and Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) support for data center applications |
40GBASE-T | Twisted-pairs (2016) | Auto-negotiation capabilities and Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) support for data center applications |
IEEE 802.3ab, ratified in 1999, defines gigabit Ethernet transmission
over unshielded twisted pair (UTP) category 5, 5e, or 6 cabling and became
known as 1000BASE-T. In a departure from both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX,
1000BASE-T uses all four cable pairs for simultaneous transmission in both
directions through the use of echo cancellation and a 5-level pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM-5) technique.
With the ratification of 802.3ab, gigabit Ethernet became a desktop
technology with which organizations could use their existing copper
cabling infrastructure.
For many, GigE was still not fast enough. In June 2002, a
standard for 10GbE over fiber, designated 802.3ae, was ratified, and
quickly became the new standard for more than two dozen companies. Unlike previous
versions of Ethernet, 10GbE is full duplex, so does not support CSMA/CD.
IEEE 802.3ah, ratified in 2004 added two more Gigabit fiber standards,
1000BASE-LX10 (which was already widely implemented as vendor specific
extension) and 1000BASE-BX10. This was part of a larger group of protocols
known as Ethernet in the First Mile.
10GbE. In April 2003, the IEEE approved a
project to add copper physical media to 802.3ae 10GbE. IEEE P802.3ak,
"Physical Layer and Management Parameters for 10 Gb/s Operation, Type
10GBASE-CX4," allowed for a copper physical medium in conjunction with the
IEEE 802.3ae standard for 10GbE networks. It provided a lower-cost option for
interconnecting equipment located within about 15 m of fiber optic cable,
typically within a stack or between equipment racks. In addition, late in
2010, a separate IEEE study group, many of whose members worked on
1000Base-T, began work on 10GBase-T, which will support
10-Gigabit Ethernet over 25 to 100 meters of standard twisted-pair
cable.
There are two significant differences between 10 GbE and lower- speed
Ethernet standards. The first is the inclusion of support for a long-haul (40
kms) optical transceiver. It can be used as either a LAN interface or a WAN
interface when building MANs. The second is a WAN physical interface that allows
10 GbE to be transported across existing OC-192 SONET networks. This interface
includes a SONET framer and operates at a data rate compatible with OC-192c/SDH
VC-4-64c specifications.
Standards introduced in 2016 include IEEE 802.3bp,
IEEE 802.3bq, IEEE 802.3br, and IEEE 802.3by. Table 3 traces the key evolution of the
standard from its inception to the present.
IEEE Standard |
Description |
State |
---|---|---|
802.3ae-2002 |
Defines 802.3 Media Access Control (MAC) parameters and minimal augmentation of its operation, physical layer characteristics, and management parameters for transfer of LLC and Ethernet format frames at 10G bps using full duplex operation as defined in the 802.3 standard. Incorporates the use of -SR, -LR, -ER, and -LX4 optical fiber to connect network nodes and switch ports. |
Initial Standard |
802.3ah-2004 |
Defines 802.3 the use of 10 GbE in the first or last mile (access network). The amendment supports Voice Grade Copper, long wavelength single fiber, and point-to-multipoint fiber. Also called Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM). |
Augments 802.3ae-2002 |
802.3ak-2004 |
Adds a copper Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) option for 10 GbE operation, building upon the existing 10GBASE-CX4 Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI) specifications. Accommodates the use of -CX4 copper InfiniBand cabling. |
Augments 802.3ae-2002 |
802.3-2005 |
Specifies Ethernet LAN operation for selected speeds of operation from 1M bps to 10G bps using a common Media Access Control (MAC) specification, Management Information Base (MIB), and capability for Link Aggregation of multiple physical links into a single logical link. |
Supersedes 802.3ae-2002 & 802.3ae-2002 Revisions |
802.3an-2006 |
Specifies a new Physical Coding Sublayer interface and new Physical Medium Attachment sublayer interface for 10 GbE Ethernet. Accommodates the use of copper twisted-pair cabling (also known as “10GBASET”, “Category 6”, or “Cat 6” cable. |
Augments 802.3-2005 |
802.3ap-2007 |
Includes the new Clause 69 through Clause 74. Clause 69 provides an overview of Ethernet operation over electrical backplanes. Clause 70 through Clause 72 define three new PMDs developed for operation over electrical backplanes. Clause 73 specifies an Auto-Negotiation function for use over electrical backplanes. Finally, Clause 74 specifies an optional forward error correction (FEC) sublayer for 10GBASE-R PHYs for improved link performance. Accommodates the use of -KR and -KX4 copper backplane. |
Augments 802.3-2005 |
802.3aq-2006 |
Specifies a new PMD, 10GBASE-LRM, for serial, 10 GbE operation over up to 220 ms of 62.5 5m and 50 5m multimode fiber, including installed, FDDI-grade multimode fiber. Accommodates the use of -LRM fiber with improved signaling. |
Augments 802.3-2005 |
802.3-2008 |
Specifies Ethernet LAN operation for selected speeds of operation from 1M bps to 10G bps using a common Media Access Control (MAC) specification and Management Information Base (MIB). The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) MAC protocol specifies shared medium (half duplex) operation, as well as full-duplex operation. Speed specific Media Independent Interfaces (MIIs) allow use of selected Physical Layer devices (PHY) for operation over coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber-optic cables. System considerations for multi-segment shared access networks describe the use of Repeaters, which are defined for operational speeds up to 1000M bps. LAN operation is supported at all speeds. Other specified capabilities include: various PHY types for access networks, PHYs suitable for MAN applications, and the provision of power-over-selected twisted pair PHY types. |
Current Standard Supersedes 802.3-2005 & 802.3-2005 Revisions |
802.3az-2010 | ||
Defines a mechanism to reduce power consumption during
periods of low link utilization for the following PHYs:
|
Augments 802.1D, 802.1Q and 802 | |
802.3bd-2011 |
An upgrade path for IEEE 802.3 users, based on the IEEE 802.3 MAC. It defines a MAC Control Frame to support 802.1Qbb Priority-based Flow Control. |
Amendment to existing Standard 802.3-2008 |
802.3bf-2011 |
Standard for Information technology–Telecommunications and information exchange between systems–Local and metropolitan area networks. It extends the Media Access Control service interface and add management parameters to provide support for the IEEE 802.1AS time synchronization protocol. |
Amendment to existing Standard 802.3-2008 |
802.3bg-2011 |
Defines a 40 Gb/s serial PMD that supports a link distance of at least 2km over single-mode fiber that is optically compatible with existing carrier 40Gb/s client interfaces (OTU3/STM-256/OC-768/40G Packet over SONET (POS), which enables interconnection between equipment in carrier networks or as uplink interconnections from enterprises, data centers, or other network operators into carrier networks. |
Amendment to existing Standard 802.3-2008 |
802.3-2012 |
Current version of the standard. Ethernet local area network operation is specified for selected speeds of operation from 1 Mb/s to 100 Gb/s using a common media access control (MAC) specification and management information base (MIB). |
Latest Version |
802.3.1-2013 |
The MIB module specifications for IEEE Std 802.3TM are contained in this standard. It includes the Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2) MIB module specifications, as well as extensions resulting from amendments to IEEE Std 802.3. The SMIv2 MIB modules are intended for use with the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). |
Amendment for existing Standard 802.3-2012 |
802.3bk-2013 |
Defines the physical layer specifications and management parameters for EPON operation on point-to-multipoint passive optical networks supporting extended power budget classes of PX30, PX40, PRX40, and PR40 PMDs. |
Amendment to existing standard 802.3-2012 |
802.3bj-2014 |
Defines specifications for 100 |
Amendment to existing standard 802.3bk-2013. |
802.3bp-2016 |
Defines the physical layer specifications (including optional |
Amendment |
802.3bq-2016 |
Defines physical layer and |
Amendment
|
802.3br-2016 |
Defines the specification and |
Amendment
|
802.3by-2016 |
Defines media access control |
Amendment
|
In 2007, the IEEE 802.3 working group formed the Higher Speed Study Group
(HSSG), which found that the Ethernet ecosystem needed something faster than 10 GbE. The HSSG
determined that computing and network aggregation applications were growing at
different rates, requiring different speeds. These are:
-
40G bps for server and computing applications
- 100G bps for network aggregation applications
As a result, the IEEE 802.3ba 40G-bps and 100G-bps standard was ratified in
June 2010.
40/100GbE. The 40/100 GbE standard includes:
- Support for full-duplex operation.
- Preservation of the 802.3 Ethernet frame format using the 802.3 media access controller (MAC).
- Preservation of minimum and maximum frame size of current 802.3 standard.
- Support for a bit error rate (BER) better than or equal to 10-12 at the MAC/physical layer service interface.
- Provision for appropriate support for optical transport network
(OTN).
- Support for a MAC data rate of 40G bps.
- Provision of physical layer specifications supporting 40G-bps operation over:
- at least 10 kms on single mode fiber (SMF)
- at least 100 ms on OM3 multi-mode fiber (MMF)
- at least 10 ms over a copper cable assembly
- at least 1 m over a backplane
- Provision of physical layer specifications supporting 40G-bps operation over:
-
Support for a MAC data rate of 100G bps.
-
Provision of physical layer specifications that support 100G-bps operation over:
-
at least 40 kms on SMF
-
at least 10 kms on SMF
-
at least 100 ms on OM3 MMF
- at least 10 ms over a copper
cable assembly
-
-
400GbE. The 400GbE standard was submitted by the Ethernet Alliance and
IEEE 400G Ethernet group to the IEE 802 Plenary in Beijing in March 2014. This
marked the first phase of project documentation related to physical layer
standards.4
Terabit Ethernet. The urgent need for 1TbE
(1,000GbE) is in discussions, but its introduction is not entirely practical due to restrictions
inherent in
current fiber optic cable capacity.
Standards for Automotive and Networked Devices (1G bps,
25G bps, and 40G bps). IEEE workgroups are focused on branching out Ethernet into
untapped sectors.5 In 2016, standards released included updates to previous speeds,
as well as new speeds and target markets:
-
1 Gb/s Ethernet, IEEE 802.3bp, for Operation over a Single Twisted
Pair Copper Cable-
Physical layer specifications (including optional
single-pair autonegotiation and Energy Efficient Ethernet) and
parameters for full-duplex 1 Gb/s Ethernet operating in harsh
environments found in automotive and industrial applications.
-
-
25 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s, Types 25GBASE-T and 40GBASE-T,
IEEE 802.3bq-
Higher-speed twisted pair systems with auto-negotiation capabilities
and Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) support for data center
applications.
-
-
IEEE 802.3br, “Standard for Ethernet Amendment Specification and
Management Parameters for Interspersing Express Traffic”, addresses the
needs of industrial control system manufacturers and the automotive market
by specifying a pre-emption methodology for time-sensitive traffic. -
25 Gb/s, IEEE 802.3by, cost-optimized 25 Gb/s specifications
for single-lane server and switch interconnects for data centers.
Competing Standards
and Protocols
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of this report]
GbE’s initial thrust was towards backbone connections, an
area where customers have other options, such as Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). No product
is right for every situation and the proper selection depends on company
specific information, such as the applications flowing over its network,
and its budget.
The WAN is an area where ATM’s performance found many
adherents. This network
option offered significant benefits compared to the Time Division
Multiplexer (TDM) systems traditionally used for such connections. ATM
enables carriers to use bandwidth more efficiently and provide Quality of
Service (QoS) features to important applications, but today Internet
Protocol networks have become ubiquitous, and with their adoption, ATM’s
market position began to decline. The same thing is not true in the MAN or WAN where true competitive
technologies exist. Some of the technologies, such as ATM and SONET, are aging
and are being replaced, but optical technologies exist that match 10 GbE and
40G-/100G-bps architectures for throughput and cost. These include:
- SONET/SDH – – Developed by Bellcore and standardized by the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI), SONET served as thepreferred standard for WANs, carrying large volumes of voice and data traffic
over a single fiber-optic cable. The current upper limit for SONET/SDH
throughput is OC-192, which provides for a 9.6G-bps payload. OC-192 has been
deployed in backbone networks but not in links to the backbone, which top out
at OC-48 with a payload of 2.4G bps. OC-768 and OC-3072 have been defined but
neither has been deployed in commercial networks. OC-3072 would provide a
payload of approximately 160G bps.
- Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) – As originally developed,
WDM refers to the optical transmission technique in which multiple optical
signals are transmitted on a single optical fiber using different wavelengths
between two switches. DWDM, a higher capacity version of WDM, is used for
systems that support 16 channels or more. DWDM serves as a multiplier in
adding more data channels to existing optical fibers. While the capabilities
of DWDM are impressive, the technology requires expensive components. 10G-bps
DWDM is in the testing stage and is expected to be deployed in service
provider networks to connect high-powered data centers. It is not expected
that 10G DWDM will be used in customer facing applications.
- Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) – Formalized in 2004 by the
IEEE, CWDM is usually used for shorter distances than DWDM, such as in MANs.
The average CWDM system produces laser emissions on eight channels at eight
defined wavelengths, although the technology does allow for up to 18 different
channels. Since the channels in a CWDM system are spread out over a larger
range of wavelengths, low-cost lasers can be used, making it less expensive
than DWDM. Lower precision lasers and lower power requirements also help keep
costs down.
- Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing (ROADM) – Allows
wavelengths to be remotely added and dropped at each network node in a
WDM-based network. Network service providers can control the direction and
flow of infrared and visible light transmissions within a range of
wavelengths. ROADM makes it unnecessary to translate traffic from optical to
electrical at termination points. ROADM can provide simplified optical power
balancing, wavelength monitoring, wavelength provisioning, and add/drop
flexibility features.
- Passive Optical Networking (PON) – A PON is an all-optical network
that uses only passive optical components, such as fibers, couplers,
wavelength routers, and filters, as opposed to active networks, and brings the
optical fiber cabling and signals most of the way to the end user. A PON can
be used for local loop and FTTx deployments. PONs have no power requirements
and have no electronic parts. PONs were developed partially to allow the cost
of the deployment to be shared among subscribers.
Current View
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Gigabit Ethernet is now integral to enterprise and
consumer products, as well as home networking. In fact, most
higher-end home routers, both wired-only and those offering Wi-Fi, now
incorporate at least 1Gbps Ethernet port. Several factors are at work that
should drive growth, including:
- Commercial use of multi-core CPUs with multi-threaded networking stacks.
- 10 GbE allows for the
aggregation of terabits network traffic, without increasing the complexity of
the network deployments in the
data center.
- Increasing use of server virtualization
and the demands for network bandwidth per physical
server.
- Introduction of ROADM- and PON -based networks by
service providers, allowing for faster access and MAN networks by
aggregating data transport.
Task forces are working to finalize 400G
Ethernet standards; diversify channels to offer 2.5G, 5G, 25G, and 50G
speeds; and consider what the future holds for Ethernet.6 As of
2016, IEEE workgroups are focused on branching out into sectors such as
automotive and interconnecting devices to support the "Internet of
Things."7 In late 2016, a breakthrough in 2.5G and 5G
boosted the current top speed of traditional Ethernet five-times without
the need to remove current cabling, which will help address
emerging needs in platforms such as enterprise and wireless networks.8
Web Links
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- 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance: http://www.10gea.org/
- Ethernet Alliance: http://www.ethernetalliance.org/
- Broadband Forum: http://www.broadband-forum.org
- Ethermanage: http://www.ethermanage.com/ethernet/gigabit.html
- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE): http://www.ieee.org/
References
- 1 "400 Gb/s Ethernet: Why Now?"
Ethernet
Alliance. April 2014. - 2 "Ethernet Alliance Unveils 2015 Ethernet Roadmap."
Ethernet
Alliance. March 24, 2015. - 3 "Ethernet Alliance Unveils 2015 Ethernet Roadmap."
Ethernet
Alliance. March 24, 2015. - 4 John D’Ambrosia. "400G Ethernet Effort Begins."
EETimes. February 27, 2014. - 5 "Ethernet’s Expansion Continues Unabated with New Standards."
Ethernet
Alliance. July 6, 2016. - 6 "2015 Ethernet Roadmap."
Ethernet
Alliance. March 2015. - 7
"Ethernet’s Expansion Continues Unabated with New Standards."
Ethernet
Alliance. July 6, 2016. - 8 Michael
Cooney. "IEEE sets new Ethernet standard that brings 5X the speed without
disruptive cable changes. Network World. September 27, 2016.
About the Author
[return to top of this report]
Candice Block Lombardi
has tracked and written about enterprise
software and security, the IT services sector, telecommunications, and
data networking. She is a frequent contributor to Faulkner’s information
services.
[return to top of this report]